Efectos del entrenamiento en marcos relacionales de condicionalidad sobre el responder relacional deíctico / Effects of Training in Conditional Relational Framing on the Deictic Relational Responding

Resumen Desde la Teoría de los Marcos Relacionales, la toma de perspectiva se concibe como un patrón de responder relacional arbitrariamente aplicable bajo control de claves contextuales deícticas personales, espaciales y temporales. Además, se asume necesaria la capacidad para responder relacionalmente bajo el control de claves contextuales condicionales. Sin embargo, no se ha reportado evidencia empírica que permita identificar la relación existente entre los marcos de condicionalidad y la precisión en el responder relacional deíctico. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar si el entrenamiento en marco de condicionalidad podría facilitar el desempeño sobre el responder deíctico. Participaron cuatro niños con desarrollo normalizado que fueron divididos en dos condiciones experimentales (C1 y C2). Los participantes de ambas condiciones se expusieron a un protocolo de evaluación y entrenamiento en marcos deícticos. A su vez, solo los participantes de la C2 se expusieron a una fase de evaluación y entrenamiento en marcos de condicionalidad previo al entrenamiento en marcos deícticos. Los resultados mostraron que todos los participantes exhibieron mejoras en sus ejecuciones post-test en las relaciones deícticas y que los participantes de C2 obtuvieron mejores resultados con respecto a su pre-test en los niveles de mayor complejidad deíctica tras el entrenamiento en marcos condicionales. Se discute la necesidad de protocolos de toma de perspectiva más naturalistas que posibiliten indagar en cómo se desarrollan los términos relacionales y se abstrae la función de las claves contextuales que permiten interpretar, atribuir y predecir el comportamiento de otro.

Abstract According to Relational Frame Theory, perspective taking is conceived as an arbitrarily applicable relational pattern of relational responding under the control of personal, spatial, and temporal deictic contextual cues. Furthermore, the ability to respond relationally under the control of conditional contextual cues is assumed to be necessary. However, no empirical evidence has been reported to identify the relationship between conditionality frames and accuracy in deictic relational responding. The study aimed to analyze whether training in conditionality frames could facilitate performance on deictic responding. Four children with normalized development participated and were divided into two experimental conditions (C1 and C2). Participants in both conditions were exposed to an evaluation protocol and training on deictic frames. In turn, only C2 participants were exposed to an evaluation and training phase in conditionality frames before the training in deictic frames. Results showed that all the participants exhibited improvements in their post-test performances on deictic relations and that the C2 participants performed better with respect to their pre-test on the levels of greater deictic complexity after training in conditional frames. We discuss the need for more naturalistic perspective-taking protocols that allow us to investigate how relational terms are developed and abstract the role of contextual cues that allow us to interpret, attribute, and predict another's behavior.

Expectativas e (in)satisfação das mulheres com a assistência ao parto normal hospitalar: perspectivas para a qualidade / Expectations and (in)satisfaction of women with hospital assistance to for normal birth: perspectives on quality

Esta pesquisa objetivou descrever as expectativas sobre a assistência ao parto normal hospitalar e analisar a satisfação e a insatisfação quanto à assistência recebida no parto normal hospitalar na perspectiva de puérperas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva e exploratória realizada através de entrevistas individuais e roteiro semiestruturado realizadas de outubro de 2018 a janeiro de 2019 após aprovação pelo comitê de Ética em Pesquisa e aquiescência da maternidade. Participaram trinta puérperas classificadas como risco habitual, cujo parto foi assistido por enfermeiras obstétricas ou médicas obstetras em uma maternidade municipal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A abordagem dos resultados ocorreu através da análise de conteúdo temático à luz dos padrões da qualidade da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Os resultados evidenciaram o predomínio de expectativas convergentes aos padrões da qualidade relacionados à experiência do cuidado. Almejaram profissionais competentes, com postura favorável ao protagonismo da parturiente com comunicação eficaz, respeito, assistência digna com disponibilidade de recursos humanos e materiais e a presença de um acompanhante de sua escolha, definiram o evento parturitivo como fisiológico, natural e marcante. Frente à persistência do paradigma tecnocrático e ao contexto de crise no sistema de saúde, relataram apreensão e insegurança quanto à iminência de desrespeito e violência. A satisfação na assistência ao parto predominou nos relatos, descritos pela comunicação respeitosa que possibilitou autonomia e protagonismo. Igualmente, a privacidade e a atenção às necessidades individuais foram identificadas como atributos que contribuíram para o bem-estar, percepção de segurança acolhimento e tranquilidade. As tecnologias leves e não invasivas, incluindo o suporte emocional promovido pelos profissionais de saúde e pelo acompanhante foram apontados como métodos que promoveram conforto, alívio da dor, autonomia e empoderamento. A enfermeira obstétrica foi reconhecida como importante para a satisfação, alicerçada no cuidado centrado na parturiente, benéfico ao transcurso fisiológico do processo parturitivo, convergentes ao atendimento de alta qualidade. Em paralelo, vivências de insatisfação foram atribuídas à postura profissional verticalizada, impessoal, segmentada e hostil, resultando na percepção de desassistência, negligência, tensão, preocupação e abandono. As limitações dos recursos materiais e humanos, assim como a ausência de suporte emocional, foram apontadas como influentes nas condições indignas, precárias e desfavoráveis. A imposição de posições e condutas, como a infusão de ocitocina intravenosa e a posição litotômica ocasionaram desconforto, sensação de sofrimento e fragilidade. Esta pesquisa contribuiu para elucidar elementos potencializadores para uma assistência satisfatória às parturientes. Características do paradigma tecnocrático foram rejeitadas e influenciaram nas insatisfatórias, demandando o enfrentamento e superação desse problema.

This research aimed to describe women's expectations of normal hospital childbirth care and to analyse satisfaction and dissatisfaction with the care received at normal hospital childbirth. This is a qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory survey conducted by means of individual interviews and a semi-structured script with the participation of thirty women classified as of habitual risk whose delivery was assisted by obstetric nurses or obstetricians in a municipal maternity ward in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The research was started after approval by the Ethics in Research Committee and acquiescence of the maternity ward. The approach to the results occurred through the analysis of thematic content in light of the quality standards of the World Health Organization. The results showed the predominance of expectations for normal childbirth care provided by empathetic professionals with technical and scientific competence. The women desired an appropriate professional posture of effective communication, respect, preservation of dignity and the maintenance of the presence of a companion of their choice. They defined labour and delivery as a physiological, singular and remarkable event which takes place primarily without the need for intervention. They considered the availability of human and material resources converging to quality standards related to the experience of care indispensable. Some childbearing women expressed low expectations due to apprehension and insecurity about the imminence of disrespect and violence in the face of the persistence of the technocratic paradigm and the context of crisis in the health system. The experiences presented characteristics of a hybrid and transitional model of care with predominance of satisfaction reports, in line with standards of quality improvement, since, from the perspective of these participants, the clear communication established by professionals enabled integration and involvement in childbirth. Similarly, respect for privacy and individual needs was identified as an attribute that contributed to well-being in a welcoming and safe environment with reduced anxiety. Non-invasive obstetric nursing technologies, including emotional support promoted by health professionals and caregivers, were identified as methods that promoted comfort, pain relief, autonomy, empowerment, and privacy. The obstetric nurse was recognized as important for satisfaction, based on respectful care and centred on the parturient, beneficial to the physiological course of the parturition process. From the perspective of the care experienced, the results were convergent to the requirements for high quality care. At the same time, experiences of dissatisfaction caused by the verticalized, impersonal, segmented, and hostile professional relationship resulted in the perception of withdrawal, neglect, tension, concern and the impossibility of decision and choice. The limitations of material and human resources, as well as the absence of emotional support were pointed out as influential in the unworthy, precarious, and unfavourable conditions. The imposition of medical positions and conducts, such as intravenous oxytocin infusion and the lithotomic position caused discomfort, fragility, and a feeling of suffering. This research has helped to elucidate the potential for desirable outcomes for women in labour, with a view on improving the quality of normal hospital childbirth care. The characteristics of the medicalized paradigm proved to be rejected and unsatisfactory, demanding the confrontation with the perpetuation of violence and the overcoming of this problem.

Esta pesquisa tuvo como objetivo describir las expectativas das mujeres sobre la asistencia al parto normal hospitalario y analizar la satisfacción y la insatisfacción por la asistencia recibida en el parto normal hospitalario. Esta es una investigación cualitativa, descriptiva y exploratoria realizada por medio de entrevistas individuales y guion semiestructurado con participación de treinta puérperas clasificadas como risco habitual, cuyo parto fue asistido por enfermeras obstétricas o médicos obstetras en una maternidad municipal de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Iniciada después de la aprobación de la comisión de Ética en Investigación e autorización de la maternidad. El abordaje de los resultados fue hecha a través del análisis de contenido temático a la luz de los padrones de cualidad de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Los resultados evidenciaran el predominio de expectativas por una asistencia al parto normal prestada por profesionales empáticos, con competencia técnica y científica. Deseaban postura profesional apropiada a la comunicación eficaz, respeto, preservación de la dignidad y manutención de la presencia de un acompañante de su escoja. Definieran el trabajo de parto y el parto como evento fisiológico, singular y marcante que transcurre prioritariamente sin necesidad de intervenciones. Consideraran indispensable la disponibilidad de recursos humanos y materiales convergentes a los padrones de cualidad relacionados a la experiencia del cuidado. Algunas puérperas manifestaran bajas expectativas por la aprehensión e inseguridad por la inminencia de desprecio y violencia frente a la persistencia del paradigma tecnocrático y el contexto de crisis en el sistema de salud. Las experiencias presentaran características de un modelo híbrido y en transición de la asistencia con predominio de relatos de satisfacción, consonantes a los padrones de mejoría de la cualidad, ya que, en la perspectiva de esas participantes, la comunicación clara establecida por los profesionales posibilitó a la integración y el involucramiento en el parto. Igualmente, el respeto a la privacidad y a las necesidades individuales fue identificado como atributo que contribuyó al bienestar en ambiente acogedor y seguro con reducción de la ansiedad. Las tecnologías no invasivas de enfermería obstétrica, incluyend el suporte emocional promovido por los profesionales de salud y por el acompañante fueran apuntados como métodos que promovieran conforto, alivio del dolor, autonomía, empoderamiento y privacidad. La enfermera obstétrica fue reconocida como importante para la satisfacción, basada en el cuidado respetoso y centrado en la parturiente, benéfico al transcurso fisiológico del proceso del parto. En la perspectiva de la asistencia vivenciada, los resultados fueran convergentes a los requisitos para la atención de alta calidad. En paralelo, vivencias de insatisfacción causada por la relación profesional verticalizada, impersonal, segmentada y hostil resultaran en la percepción de desasistencia, negligencia, tensión, preocupación e imposibilidad de decisión y escoja. Las limitaciones de los recursos materiales y humanos, así como la ausencia de suporte emocional fueran apuntados como influentes en las condiciones indignas, precarias y desfavorables. La imposición de posiciones y condutas médicas, como la infusión de oxitocina intravenosa y la posición litotómica ocasionaran incomodidad, fragilidad y sensación de sufrimiento. Esta investigación contribuyó para elucidar elementos potenciadores para resultados deseables por las parturientes, en dirección a la mejoría de la cualidad de la asistencia al parto normal hospitalario. Las características del paradigma medicalizado se demostraran rechazadas e insatisfactorias, demandando el enfrentamiento de la perpetuación de la violencia y la superación de ese problema.

Analysis of WCID-cIEF Spectrogram of Recombinant Interleukin-15 Fusion Protein / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the glycosylated chains of recombinant interleukin-15 fusion protein using capillary isoelectric focusing-whole column imaging detection (WCID-cIEF) spectrograms. METHODS: Using established corresponding mathematical models and the least square method, the WCID-cIEF spectrograms of whole protein, de-salicylic-acid protein and de-N-glycosylation-chain protein were analyzed. Among the mathematical models, the interval-1-peak model was selected. And according to the model, the relationship between isoform peak-areas and isoelectric points was listed. RESULTS: The rationality of the interval-1-peak model was confirmed and a series of basic data was obtained according to the model as follows:the apparent m value of the protein was 25.53 reference(R), the apparent n value of the protein was 28.83R, the apparent m value of sialic acid was 0.86 (0.855) R, the apparent n value was 0.12 (0.119) R, the apparent n value of N-acetylglucosamine (undifferentiated from N-acetylgalactosamine) was 0.06(0.061) R, and the apparent m value of formed carboxyl after N-chain removal was 0.19 (0.186) R. Some information of protein sugar composition was also obtained: the sialylation degree was about 1.83 mol•mol-1, the percentage of prototype protein was about 8.3%, the percentage of single N-glycosated modification protein was about 19.8%, the percentage of double N-glycosated modification protein was about 28.4%, the percentage of triple N-glycosated modification protein was about 23.7%, and the percentage of O-glycosated modification (with sialic acid) protein was about 19.8%. The main sugar types should be G0 (F), G1 (F), G2 (F), G1A1 (F), and G2A1 (F). CONCLUSION: The structure of sugar chain is complex, but it also has some repeatability and regularity. We hope that through this study, the glycoprotein sugar chain can be quickly outlined, the understanding of glycoprotein and the study of protein interaction can be improved.

O impostor: contribuição à psicologia do Ego de um tipo de psicopata / The impostor: contribution to the Ego psychology of a type of psychopath

A autora descreve e discute um tipo particular de personalidade psicopática, que denomina o impostor de tipo não dramático. Relata o tratamento de Jimmy, iniciado na adolescência, aos 14 anos, e retomado após uma interrupção de 8 anos. Descreve a intensa sintomatologia de conduta, de natureza predominantemente antissocial, apresentada pelo paciente, a qual começou a se manifestar ainda na infância, logo após a recuperação de um episódio depressivo por volta de seus 7 anos, causado pela abrupta separação do pai, que se isolou, vítima de doença crônica grave. Discute o que entende ser a patologia do Ideal do Ego, que resultaria em um Ego desvalorizado e cheio de culpa, estabelecendo também diferenças entre o impostor e as personalidades como se. Destaca a importância das características de personalidade dos pais de Jimmy como elementos de sua predisposição a um desenvolvimento emocional perturbado, mas enfatiza sobremaneira a vivência traumática ocasionada pela doença do pai como desencadeante de sua psicopatologia de personalidade na vida adulta.

Perioperative atrial fibrillation: A systematic review of evolving therapeutic options in pharmacologic and procedural management.

Given the high incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in the surgical population and the associated morbidity, physicians managing these complicated patients in the perioperative period need to be aware of the new and emerging trends in its therapy. The cornerstones of AF management have always been rate/rhythm control as well as anticoagulation. Restoration of sinus rhythm remains the fundamental philosophy as it maintains the atrial contribution to cardiac output and improves ventricular function. The recent years have seen a dramatic increase in the number of randomized AF trials that have made significant advances to our understanding of both pharmacologic and procedural management, from the introduction of the new generation of oral anticoagulants (NOAC’s) to catheter approaches for AF ablation. This paper will summarize the newest data that will affect the perioperative management of these patients.

Citocinas e quimiocinas no transplante renal / Cytokines and chemokines in renal transplantation

O transplante renal é a melhor modalidade de terapia renal substitutiva até o momento. Infelizmente a sobrevida do enxerto é interrompida pelos episódios de rejeição aguda ou mesmo de fibrose intersticial atrofia tubular. A dosagem de quimiocinas e citrocinas urinárias como ferramenta alternativa para o diagnóstico dessas complicações tem sido relatada nos últimos anos. Estas substâncias estão sabidamente relacionadas com os mecanismos imunoinflamatórios do transplante renal podendo ser detectadas no tecido renal no plasma e na urina de pacientes transplantados. Drogas anti-inflamatórias inibidores do sistema renina angiotensina e alguns antagonistas de receptores de citocinas ainda utilizados em nível experimental podem interferir com a expressão desses mediadores do sistema imune e por conseguinte alterar a evolução do transplante renal. Neste sentido pretende-se neste artigo fazer uma revisão dos estudos sobre a mensuração de citocinas quimiocinas e dos seus receptores na urina no plasma e no tecido renal de pacientes transplantados no intuito de avaliar uma possível associação entre os níveis desses mediadores e as complicações do transplante renal e sobrevida do enxerto.

Renal transplantation is the best modality of renal replacement therapy so far. Unfortunately, graft survival is interrupted by episodes of acute rejection or tubular atrophy of interstitial fibrosis. The measurement of urinary chemokines and citrocinas as an alternative tool for the diagnosis of these complications have been reported in recent years. These substances are known to be related to immunoinflammatory mechanisms of renal transplantation can be detected in renal tissue in plasma and urine of transplant patients. Anti-inflammatory drugs inhibiting the renin angiotensin receptor antagonists and some cytokines also used on an experimental level can interfere with the expression of these mediators of the immune system and thus alter the course of renal transplantation. In this sense we intend to make this article a review of studies on the measurement of cytokines chemokines and their receptors in the plasma and urine in the renal tissue of patients transplanted in order to evaluate a possible association between the levels of these mediators and the complications of the transplant and renal graft survival.

Prudent use of SCI and IF in medical research organizations / 中华医院管理杂志

It is a popular practice for Chinas academia to regard SCI(Science Citation Index)and its IF(Impact Factor)as fundamental indexes for research competency evaluatiop.This article however holds that SCI and IF are but quantitative measurements for evaluating periodicals,and whether it is scientific to evaluate research results with such indexes as they are remains to be jusfified.It also suggests that practitioners in research organizations fully comprehend the meaning of SCI and IF,and use them correctly,so as to guide researchers to contribute their works to proper publishers.

Comparación de los métodos serológicos para el diagnostico de toxoplasmosis / Comparison of serological methods for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis

La toxoplasmosis es una enfermedad causada por el parásito Toxoplasma gondii, capaz de transmitirse al feto con graves consecuencias. Para el diagnóstico de toxoplasmosis se detectan inmunoglobulinas G (IgG) y M (IgM). Debido a que por ELISA se obtiene un número excesivo de falsos positivos y negativos, en el Hospital Elizabeth Seton evaluamos la utilidad de los reactivos de ELISA para la detección de IgG e IgM frente a Toxoplasma gondii empleando como referencia la inmnofluorescencia (IF) . Mediante ELISA e IF se determinó IgG en 146 e IgM en 142 sueros obtenidos de mujeres en edad fértil y embarazadas y niños atendidos de junio de 2004 a octubre de 2005 en la Caja Petrolera de Salud. Con los resultados obtenidos se determinó la sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo (VPP) y negativo (VPN) de la técnica de ELISA. La técnica de ELISA para IgG tiene sensibilidad: 75 %; especificidad: 84%; VPP 64%: VPN 90 %. Por ELISA no se detectó anticuerpos en un 25 % de pacientes infectados y 16 % eran falsos positivos; hay un 64% de probabilidad de que individuos con resultado positivo estén realmente afectados por la infección, y un 90% de probabilidad de que sujetos con seronegatividad sean realmente seronegativos. Para la IgM, ELISA tiene sensibilidad 40 %; Especificidad 96%; VPP 71%; VPN 88 %. Vale decir por ELISA no se detectaron 60% de infectados; y 4% resultaron falsos positivos; hay un 71% de probabilidad de que el paciente este realmente afectado y un 88 % de probabilidad de que sea realmente seronegativo Por lo tanto la técnica de ELISA tiene muy baja sensibilidad principalmente para IgM, parámetro que junto con la especificidad, VPP y VPN, deben considerarse al tiempo de hacer la interpretación de laboratorio y diagnóstico clínico.

The toxoplasmosis is an illness caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, able to be transmitted to the fetus with serious consequences. For the toxoplasmosis diagnosis it is necessary to detect inmunoglobuline G (IgG) and M (IgM). Because ELISA gives an excessive number of false positive and false negative, we evaluate the utility of ELISA reagents for IgG and IgM detection at Hospital Elizabeth Seton in order to compare with Toxoplasma gondii inmnofluorescencia (IF) method used as reference. IgG (146 patients) and IGM (142 patients) were determined by ELISA and IF on serums from fertile age and pregnant women, and children consulted from June 2004 to October 2005 at Caja Petrolera de Salud. Sensibility, specificity and the predictive positive (VPP) and negtive (VPN) values were determined for ELISA technique. ELISA sensibility for IgG is 75%; specificicity 84%, VPP 64%; VPN, 90%. By ELISA it were not detected antibodies in 25 % of infeted patients and in 16% they were false positive; there is 64% of probability that individuals with positive result been really affected by the infection and 90% of probability that subject with seronegativity been really seronegative. For the IgM; ELISA has sensibility of 40%, specificity of 96%, VPP, 71%, and VPN, 88%. That means that ELISA was not able to detect 60% of infected, and in 4% it was false positive; there was 71% of probability that the patient be really affected and 88% of probability that it be really seronegative. Therefore, the ELISA technique has very low sensibility mainly for IgM, parameter that together with the specificity, VPP and VPN, should be taken on count at the time of do the laboratory interpretation and clinical diagnostic.

Study on clinical effect and interrelated questions of revolving self-lock nails and normal operative therapy for humerus shall fracture / 中国矫形外科杂志

[Objective]To summarize the clinical effect of revolving self-lock nails and normal operative therapy for humerus shaft fracture,and discuss the perfect treatment methods.[Method]We retrospectively analyzed and compared the outcome and complications of the the humerus shall fracture by normal operative therapy in 96 cases(compression plate 42 cases,monolateral fixator 26 cases,embracing fixator 28 cases);revolving self-lock nails 39 cases.[Result]The operative time,volume of blood loosing,the radial nerve injury,the infection rate and the breakage rate of the group treated with normal operative therapy were obviously more than the group treated with revolving self-lock nails,and the satisfactory rate after operation of the group treated with normal operative therapy was less than the group treated with revolving self-lock nails.[Conclusion]Revolving self-lock nails can avoid much shortcoming of transverse locking nails.The advances of revolving self-lock nails are convenient in operative procedure,with little invasive of operation,solid internal fixation and safety compared with the normal operative therapy.And revolving self-lock nails has two kind choices:anterograde transfixation and retrograde transfixafion,thus it can protect function of shoulder joint in some ways,so revolving self-lock nails is one of the idea choices to treat the fracture of shaft of humerus.In opposition,normal operative has much shortage and it is restricted by type of fractures.

Therapeutic Effect of IF_(?-2b)Plus Compound Glycyrrhizin on Chronic Hepatitis C / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To observe the therapeutic effect of IF ?-2b plus compound glycyrrhizin on chronic hepatitis C. METHODS:56cases of chronic hepatitis C were divided into trial group(30cases)and control group(26cases).Trial group received IF ?-2b +compound glycyrrhizin and control group received IF ?-2b alone.The therapeutic course was24weeks in both groups.RESULTS:There was significant difference in recoversion rate of ALT between two groups either at the end of ther?apeutic course or24weeks after treatment(P

Relationship between BMI and prevalence of hypertension & diabetes mellitus based on national health interview survey

BACKGROUND: Recently the Korean society has been challenged with the rapid growth of obese population due to the improved socioeconomic status and lifestyle changes over the past decades. Not only has obesity been known as one of major risk factors for various diseases including cardiovascular diseases(e.g. hypertension, coronary heart disease and stroke) and diabetes mellitus, but it has also increased the death from obesity-related diseases. It has been required, however, to establish our own obesity criteria adjusted for Korean since much difference is expected to exist in the degree of obesity between white and Asian people. Therefore, this study was designed to provide with primary data to help establish new criteria through identifying the distribution of Body Mass Index(BMI), and then analysing its relatian with some obesity-related diseases. METHODS: This study calculated BMI and related it to some obesity-related diseases by analysing data from 1995 National Health Interview Surveys, in which a random sample of 5,750 Korean at the age of 15-69 had self-reported their heights, body weights and diagnoses with obesity-related diseases by physicians. Variables under consideration include potential risk factors(e.g. alcohol intakes, smoking, exercise, etc.) as well as demographics of the sample population. RESULTS: Average BMI(kg/m(2)) were 21.6+/- 2.6 for male and 21.7+/-4.8 for female(mean+/-SD), which increased in direct proportion to the increase of age until the age reached the group of 40-59, and then followed by the inverse in its relation with the age at 60 and over. It was revealed, however, that prevalences of obesity-related diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus etc. were the highest among the population group with their BMI of 23.8~35.6. In short, this study identified the proportional relation of BMI with the prevalence of obesity-related diseases. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the prevalence for hypertension and diabetes mellitus was shown to be higher than the average among population with their BMI of 21.9~238, whose figure is much lower than both 26.4, the value of the 90th percentile proposed in MONICA prot and 25, the current WHO criteria of obesity. However, a Japanese study reported that the health risk began to increase at the BMI of 23 with risks for obesity-related diseases dramatically increased at the BMI of 26-27 and over, and concluded that because Asian has more body fats accumulated within the upper body part compared with the white, the Asian persons are more obese, though less in terms of BMI, than the white. Therefore, future works should be focused on establishing our own criteria for obesity with health risks through determining the association of BMI with prevalence of various diseases in Korea.

Anterior Cervical Interbody Fusion with versus without Plating System in Degenerative Cervical Disease

Anterior cervical interbody fusion(ACIF) is an effective method for the treatment of various cervical diseases, but complications from such procedure include non-union, absorption, collapse and displacement of graft bone, kyphosis and pseudoarthrosis. A retrospective study of 67 cases with ACIF with versus without plating system in degenerative cervical disease was performed to compare the arthrodesis level, average admission period, average ambulation period, fusion rate, complications, clinical outcome and reoperation rate for complications and to provide a efficacy and role of internal fixation(IF) after ACIF. Forty-five patients were operated through ACIF without IF and twenty-two patients were operated through ACIF with IF. In the group of ACIF without IF, the average admission period was 20.31 days, postoperative average ambulation period was 6.48 days, fusion rate was 97.7%, the rate of graft related complication was 31.1%, reoperation rate for graft related complications was 8.9%. In the group of ACIF with IF, the average admission period was 17.64 days, postoperative average ambulation period was 3.19 days, fusion rate was 100%, the rate of graft and plate related complications was 13.6%, reoperation rate for plate related complications was 9.1%. There was no reoperation for graft related complication in group of ACIF with IF. In conclusion, ACIF with IF had less chance of serious graft related complications and reoperation for graft related complications.

Serological Study on Rickettsial Infection of Wild Rodents in Kyunggi and Kangwon Provinces in Korea / 감염

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to determine the seropositivity for rickettsial infection among wild rodents captured in farms of Kyunggi province and in mountains of Kangwon province in Korea. METHODS: A total of 513 wild rodents of 5 species were captured in 1997~1998. Serological evidence for rickettsial infection was obtained using Orientia tsutsugamushi antigens by indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique(IFA). RESULTS: 168 Apodemus agrarius, 35 Microtus fortis, 3 Micromis minutus and 2 Eothenomys regulus were captured in Kyunggi province, of which 32 Apodemusagrarius, 4 Microtus fortis, 1 Micromis minutus were IF antibody positive against O. tsutsugamushi. 196 Apodemus agrarius, 77 Apodemus peninsulae and 29 Eothenomys regulus were captured in Kangwon province, of which 4 Apodemus agrarius and 5 Apodemus peninsulae were positive. CONCLUSION: Seropositivity rate against O. tsutsugamushi of wild rodents captured in Kyunggi and Kangwon provinces were 19.6% and 3.0% by IFA tests, respectively.

Effects of cyclic-GMP on hyperpolarization-activated inward current (I|f) in sino-atrial node cells of rabbit

The aim of present study is to investigate the effects of cGMP on hyperpolarization activated inward current (If), pacemaker current of the heart, in rabbit sino-atrial node cells using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. When sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 80 muM), which is known to activate guanylyl cyclase, was added, If amplitude was increased and its activation was accelerated. However, when If was prestimulated by isopreterenol (ISO, 1 muM), SNP reversed the effect of ISO. In the absence of ISO, SNP shifted activation curve rightward. On the contrary in the presence of ISO, SNP shifted activation curve in opposite direction. 8Br-cGMP (100 muM), more potent PKG activator and worse PDE activator than cGMP, also increased basal If but did not reverse stimulatory effect of ISO. It was probable that PKG activation seemed to be involved in SNP-induced basal If increase. The fact that SNP inhibited ISO-stimulated If suggested cGMP antagonize cAMP action via the activation of PDE. This possibility was supported by experiment using 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), non-specific PDE inhibitor. SNP did not affect If when If was stimulated by 20 muM IBMX. Therefore, cGMP reversed the stimulatory effect of cAMP via cAMP breakdown by activating cGMP-stimulated PDE. These results suggest that PKG and PDE are involved in the modulation of If by cGMP: PKG may facilitate If and cGMP-stimulated PDE can counteract the stimulatory action of cAMP.

A Clinical Study of Comminuted Fractures of the Tibial Shaft Treated by Open Reduction and Internal Fixation with D.C.P / 대한정형외과학회잡지

The tibia is the most commonly fractured bone of all the long bones. In this age of vehicular accidents, the tibia is frequently subjected to high energy trauma. Anatomically the tibia has poor soft tissue coverage and poor blood supply. Therefore severe injury on the tibia can lead to severe complication and major disability. 41 adult patients with comminuted fracture of the tibial shaft were treated by OR/IF with D.C.P. and bone graft at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyungpook University Hospital from January 1978 to June 1986. These were analysed according to mechanism of injury, degree of comminution, timing of operation, soft tissue injury and operation time. Bone union and end results of treatment were reviewed. The results were as follows Of 41 cases, causes of injury were vehicular accident in 32 cases. 34 cases had associated injury on other part of body and average injury per case was 1.7 injuries. Based on the classification of Johner and Wruhs, the B group with butterfly fragment was 27 cases and C group was 14 cases. Among the B group, B2 was most common as 14 cases. Average union time was 18 weeks and delayed union and nonunion were 6 cases. Degree of comminution of fracture might be important fractor to bone union. According to the end result of Johner and Wruhs, excellent and good were 31, fair and poor were 10. Of the 41 cases, 10 cases had permanent disability. 4 cases had angular and rotational deformity alone and 1 case had shortening of tibia more than 1 cm, 1 case had both of them. Limited R.O.M. of ankle joint (>50%) occured in 4 cases. The post-operative infection occured in 6 cases, 3 were superficial infection but 3 cases were osteomyelitis. OR/IF with D.C.P. on comminuted tibial shaft fracture was a risk operation. Therefore proper method of treatment should be selected according to degree of comminution, timing of operation, presence or abscence of open wound and associated injury.

L P immunocytoma:Cytological double-labelled immunofluorescence study for one case / 中国免疫学杂志

One case of LP immunocytoma was studied by double-labelled immunofiuorescentstaining method using different immuno-fluorescent antibodies against Ig heavy andlight chain for patient's peripheral blood lyphoid cells.It was found that the malignentcells composed of lymphocyte,plasmacytoid lymphocytes and lymphoblasts were shownto have M components of Kappa(K),lambda(?)IgG and ? in the same single cell on cellsurface and in the cytoplasma.Besides intracellular inclusion globules stained by rodamine labelled anti-X antibody and IF stained nucleoli were also revealed in same mali-gnent lymphoid cells.The authors emphasized that different heavy and light chaintypes of M proteins could be produced from monoclonal tumor cells.